Androgen ester

Testosterone, the base androgen of testosterone esters.

An androgen or anabolic steroid ester is an ester of an androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) such as the natural testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the synthetic nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). Esterification renders AAS into metabolically-resistant prohormones of themselves, improving oral bioavailability, increasing lipophilicity, and extending half-life (which necessitates less frequent administration). In addition, with intramuscular injection, AAS esters are absorbed more slowly into the body, further improving half-life. Aside from differences in pharmacokinetics (e.g., duration), these esters essentially have the same effects as the parent drugs.[1]

AAS esters are used in androgen replacement therapy (ART), among other indications.

Testosterone esters

Many esters of testosterone have been marketed, including the following major esters:[2][3]

And the following less commonly used esters:[2][3]

The following major testosterone ester has not been marketed:[2][3]

And the following less commonly known testosterone esters have also not been marketed:[2][3]

Cloxotestosterone acetate (Caprosem) is the 17-O-chloral hemiacetal acetate ether of testosterone, and is both an ether of testosterone and an ester of cloxotestosterone.[3] Silandrone (SC-16148), though not an ester, is the 17-O-trimethylsilyl ether of testosterone; it was never marketed.[3]

Dihydrotestosterone esters

Several esters of dihydrotestosterone (DHT; androstanolone, stanolone) have also been marketed, including the following:[7][8]

Whereas the following have not been marketed:[7][8]

Nandrolone esters

Many esters of the synthetic AAS nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) have been marketed, including the following major esters:[9][10][11]

And the following less commonly used esters:[9][10][11]

The following nandrolone esters exist but were never marketed:

Esters of other AAS

Esters of natural AAS

Esters of synthetic AAS

Many esters of other synthetic AAS exist and/or have been marketed as well, including the following:

Ethers of synthetic AAS

Although not esters, the following ethers of synthetic AAS exist and/or have been marketed as well:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Richard Lawrence Miller (2002). The Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 416–. ISBN 978-0-313-31807-8.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis US. 2000. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 642–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  4. ↑ William Llewellyn (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 437–. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.
  5. ↑ E. Nieschlag; H. M. Behre (1 April 2004). Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 692–. ISBN 978-1-139-45221-2.
  6. ↑ Shalender Bhasin (13 February 1996). Pharmacology, Biology, and Clinical Applications of Androgens: Current Status and Future Prospects. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 471–. ISBN 978-0-471-13320-9.
  7. 1 2 J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 640–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  8. 1 2 I.K. Morton; Judith M. Hall (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 261–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  9. 1 2 J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 660–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  10. 1 2 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 716–717. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  11. 1 2 I.K. Morton; Judith M. Hall (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.


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