Cyclothiazide

Cyclothiazide
Clinical data
ATC code C03AA09 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number 2259-96-3 YesY
PubChem (CID) 2910
IUPHAR/BPS 4167
DrugBank DB00606 N
ChemSpider 4535011 N
UNII P71U09G5BW YesY
KEGG D01256 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL61593 N
ECHA InfoCard 100.017.146
Chemical and physical data
Formula C14H16ClN3O4S2
Molar mass 389.88 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Cyclothiazide (Anhydron, Acquirel, Doburil, Fluidil, Renazide, Tensodiural, Valmiran) is a benzothiadiazide (thiazide) diuretic and antihypertensive that was originally introduced in the United States in 1963 by Eli Lilly and was subsequently also marketed in Europe and Japan.[1][2] Related drugs include diazoxide, hydrochlorothiazide, and chlorothiazide.[3]

In 1993, it was discovered that cyclothiazide is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA and kainate receptors, capable of reducing or essentially eliminating rapid desensitization of the former receptor, and potentiating AMPA-mediated glutamate currents by as much as 18-fold at the highest concentration tested (100 μM).[3][4][5][6] Additionally, in 2003, cyclothiazide was also found to act as a GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator, potently inhibiting GABAA-mediated currents.[7] In animals it is a powerful convulsant, robustly enhancing epileptiform activity and inducing seizures, but without producing any apparent neuronal death.[8][9]

Cyclothiazide has been found to act as a non-competitive antagonist of the mGluR1.[10] It is selective for mGluR1 over other metabotropic glutamate receptors.[10]

Synthesis

Cyclothiazide synthesis:[11] E. Müller, K. Hasspacher, U.S. Patent 3,275,625 (1966 to Boehringer Ingelheim).

References

  1. ↑ Swiss Pharmaceutical Society (2000). Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory (Book with CD-ROM). Boca Raton: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. p. 1932. ISBN 3-88763-075-0.
  2. ↑ Sittig, Marshall (1988). Pharmaceutical manufacturing encyclopedia. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Publications. p. 1756. ISBN 0-8155-1144-2.
  3. 1 2 Skolnick, Phil; Palfreyman, Michael G.; Reynolds, Ian J. (1994). Direct and allosteric control of glutamate receptors. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8493-8307-2.
  4. ↑ Yamada KA, Tang CM (September 1993). "Benzothiadiazides inhibit rapid glutamate receptor desensitization and enhance glutamatergic synaptic currents". Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (9): 3904–15. PMID 8103555.
  5. ↑ Bertolino M, Baraldi M, Parenti C, et al. (1993). "Modulation of AMPA/kainate receptors by analogues of diazoxide and cyclothiazide in thin slices of rat hippocampus". Receptors & Channels. 1 (4): 267–78. PMID 7915948.
  6. ↑ Ströhle, Andreas; Bilkei-Gorzo, A.; Holsboer, Florian (2005). Anxiety and anxiolytic drugs. Berlin: Springer. p. 566. ISBN 3-540-22568-4.
  7. ↑ Deng L, Chen G (October 2003). "Cyclothiazide potently inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in addition to enhancing glutamate responses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (22): 13025–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.2133370100. PMC 240738Freely accessible. PMID 14534329.
  8. ↑ Qi J, Wang Y, Jiang M, Warren P, Chen G (March 2006). "Cyclothiazide induces robust epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal neurons both in vitro and in vivo". The Journal of Physiology. 571 (Pt 3): 605–18. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.103812. PMC 1805799Freely accessible. PMID 16423850.
  9. ↑ Kong S, Qian B, Liu J, Fan M, Chen G, Wang Y (July 2010). "Cyclothiazide induces seizure behavior in freely moving rats". Brain Research. 1355: 207–213. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.088. PMC 2947190Freely accessible. PMID 20678492.
  10. 1 2 Surin A, Pshenichkin S, Grajkowska E, Surina E, Wroblewski JT (2007). "Cyclothiazide selectively inhibits mGluR1 receptors interacting with a common allosteric site for non-competitive antagonists". Neuropharmacology. 52 (3): 744–54. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.018. PMC 1876747Freely accessible. PMID 17095021.
  11. ↑ Whitehead, C. W.; Traverso, J. J.; Sullivan, H. R.; Marshall, F. J. (1961). "Diuretics. V. 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 26 (8): 2814. doi:10.1021/jo01066a046.
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